U.S. Citizenship Eligibility: Naturalization Requirements

Naturalization is the process by which a permanent resident becomes a U.S. citizen. The basic requirements are set by law, and some people qualify for exceptions.

General requirements

You are at least 18 years old.
You have been a lawful permanent resident for the required time, usually five years, or three years if married to and living with a U.S. citizen who has held citizenship for that time.
You have lived continuously in the United States and have been physically present for the required period.
You have lived in your state or USCIS district for at least three months.
You show good moral character during the statutory period.
You pass the English and civics tests, unless exempt.
You support the principles of the Constitution and take the oath.

Continuous residence and travel

Long trips abroad can break continuous residence. A trip of six months or more may raise a presumption of a break, and a year or more usually breaks it. Keep your travel records.

Good moral character

Certain crimes, false claims to citizenship, voting unlawfully, failure to pay taxes or child support and other acts can affect your eligibility. Some matters permanently bar naturalization.

Exceptions

Military service members and veterans.
Age and time-in-residence exceptions for the English test.
Medical disability exceptions to the English and civics tests.

Other paths

Some people acquire or derive citizenship through a parent. See citizenship through parents if that may apply to you.

Citizenship guide

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This page is general information, not legal advice, and reading it does not create an attorney-client relationship. Immigration rules, policies and fees change often, so we confirm the current requirements before any filing. Last updated: November 2026.